There are two main types of semiconductors:
- Intrinsic semiconductors: These are pure semiconductors, like silicon and germanium, used in basic devices such as diodes and transistors.
- Extrinsic semiconductors: These are enhanced with impurities and split into n-type and p-type, each with unique electrical properties. N-type semiconductors are vital in high-speed transistors and photovoltaic cells, while p-type semiconductors are key in LEDs and bipolar transistors.
A critical form of semiconductors is wafer semiconductors, thin slices of materials like silicon, serving as the foundation for integrated circuits (ICs) and other microdevices. These wafers undergo various microfabrication processes, essential for creating complex electronic components.
Advanced engineering applications of semiconductors extend far beyond basic electronic components, playing a crucial role in developing sophisticated technology. The versatility of semiconductors allows for their use in a wide range of industries, from automotive to healthcare, making them indispensable in the modern world.